Additionally flax fiber composites were manufactured using epoxy resin, tannin resin

 Additionally flax fiber composites were manufactured using epoxy resin, tannin resin, Bioplast films, and polypropylene in woven and nonwoven fiber forms (Zhu et al. 2013; Duquesne et al. 2015; Berges et al. 2016; Bar et al. 2018). Finally, limited research was performed on composites reinforced with abaca and ramie fiber manufactured using compression moulding (Ochi 2006; Banowati et al. 2016). Main Advantages (Advani and Hsiao 2012) • Excellent reproducibility of parts • The fiber content and type can be easily controlled • Finished interior and exterior surfaces • Complex shapes can be fabricated easily • High production rates and low labors needed • Minimum scrap materials are generated charcoal infused body puff review. Main Advantages (Advani and Hsiao 2012) • Expensive equipment is needed compare to other techniques such as hand layup 

• Surface imperfections can be occurred such as pitting and waviness • Chopped or short fibers are only used in compression moulding techniques • Sharp corners should be avoided since they are not only stress concertation loca- tions, but also, they are places where the fibers may not flow during the moulding process. • Very fine and thin section is very difficult to be performed • Large structure needs a huge presser to perform compression moulding process. 2.7 Pultrusion Pultrusion is a composite manufacturing technique where continuous yarns are completely impregnated with the thermoset polymeric matrix then pulled through a heated die to form the composite. Pultrusion process is accomplished by pull rather than push as in case of extrusion. The main advantage of the pultrusion process is the ability of forming complex shapes such as I beam, C section, tubes, rods…etc. Pultru- sion process is a continuous production process. A schematic diagram of pultrusion process is shown in Fig. 7. However, the pultrusion process depends on pulling the fibers; hence, the tensile strength of fibers must be large enough to withstand the pulling force. Limited research was conducted on the possibility of manufacturing natural fiber reinforced composites using pultrusion (Salit et al. 2015). Jute and kenaf fibers were used as reinforcement to unsaturated polyester (Safiee et al. 2011; Zamri et al. 2014). Moreover davis net shower curtain, jute and kenaf fibers were used in hybrid composites with glass fibers as a reinforcement to polyester (Akil et al. 2010; Zamri et al. 2012). Van De Velde and Kiekens (2001) developed a special machine to be used with thermoplastics. Also, Nguyen-Chung et al. (2007) and Angelov et al. (2007) researched the idea of Date Palm Fiber Composite Fabrication Techniques 171 Fig. 7 Pultrusion process (Balasubramanian et al. 2018) pultruding flax using PP; it was concluded that as the pulling speed was increased the flexural modulus of the composite was decreased. Main advantages (Strong 2008; Advani and Hsiao 2012; Netcomposites 2019)

 • Length can be customized due to the continuous nature of the pultrusion process yellow bath pouf, so any length can be produced ranging from few centimeters to kilometers • Fiber volume fraction can be accurately controlled and high fiber content can be achieved easily • Fiber cost is minimized since there in no intermediate process to manufacture preforms • Good structural properties of laminates due to the aligned fibers and high fiber volume fractions • More automation and less human interferences which allow high quality consis- tence • Good health shower sponge holder, safety and environmental control since the resin impregnation area can be enclosed which limiting volatile emissions. Main disadvantages (Strong 2008; Advani and Hsiao 2012; Netcomposites 2019) • Used with constant cross-section components, so Tapered and complex shapes are difficult or impossible to be produced • The accuracy of part dimensions and their tolerances are not very high compare to other manufacturing methods • Thin parts are very challengeable to be produced via pultrusion.

 • Heated die costs can be high. 172 A. H. Hassanin et al. 2.8 3D Printing 3D printing of natural fiber reinforced composites in the literature was performed using fused deposition modeling. In fused deposition modeling a thermoplastic in the form of filaments is used. The 3D printer depends on melting the thermoplastic filament to create or form a structure. Continuous fibers are also supplied at the nozzle along with the melted thermoplastic filament (Lee et al. 2019). A schematic 3D printer using the fused deposition modeling is shown in Fig. 8. Matsuzaki et al. (2016) developed a method to fabricate composites from natural fibers using 3D printing following the fused deposition modeling. Thermoplastic PLA filament and continuous jute fibers were supplied separately to the 3D printer. The fibers were heated inside the nozzle of the printer. Jute composites were compared.

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